麻豆传媒

Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada

One of the major challenges facing the growing numbers of organic farmers is the ability to efficiently meet the fertility needs of crops without the use of conventional fertilizers.聽 Typically, in addition to green manures and approved amendments, organic operators utilize animal manure to fulfill a crop鈥檚 nutritional requirements.聽 Researchers are discovering, however, that not all manure is created equally.聽 Numerous variables, including animal and manure type and environmental conditions, interact in often unpredictable ways to influence the final product鈥檚 unique ability to supply nitrogen and phosphorous.

鈥淚t鈥檚 a complicated system鈥�, agreed Jim Miller during a recent phone interview.聽 鈥淭hat鈥檚 how the natural world works鈥�.

Jim, a research scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada has spent an impressive amount of time studying these elaborate interactions.聽 Over a 9 year period he and fellow researchers in Lethbridge, Alberta have monitored soil nitrogen and phosphorous levels in a barley field annually amended with several combinations of manure and bedding at three increasing application rates of 13, 39 and 77 Mg per ha.聽 Their results, 鈥溾��, are published in the Canadian Journal of Soil Science.
In terms of nitrogen release, 鈥渟traw [bedding] is definitely better than wood [chips]鈥� when present in either fresh or composted manure at all three applications rates.

Soils amended with straw bedded fresh manure exhibited the largest soil nitrate concentrations.聽 Although the nitrate form of nitrogen is vital for plant growth, there is always the potential for its accumulation to levels that exceed what is recommended.聽 In fact, in 2004, nitrate levels in the soils amended at the highest application rate with the fresh manure, straw bedding combination were more than 15 times greater than the limits set out by the Alberta provincial government.

The consequences of excessive nitrate levels include nitrate leaching to groundwater sources.聽 In addition, soil nitrates also have the potential to convert to nitrous oxide, a known greenhouse gas.

In contrast to nitrogen, the study established that phosphorous release was similar for fresh and composted manure bedded with either straw or wood chips.聽 Like nitrogen, however, phosphorus will continue to accumulate in the soil with increasing application rates.聽 The study found that after only two years of application at the higher rate, soil available phosphorus exceeded the maximum agronomic threshold for phosphorus as set out by the Alberta government by nearly twenty times. The concern in this instance is the potential runoff of phosphorous to surface waters.聽 Phosphorus runoff has been linked to the eutrophication of oceans, lakes and streams.

So, what鈥檚 a farmer to do?

From an agronomic perspective, 鈥測ou need to decide what your objective is鈥�, points out Jim.

For a farmer that likely means identifying existing soil nutrients as well as the crop鈥檚 agronomic needs.聽 In other words, 鈥渢here is an increased need for soil budgeting rather than simple soil tests鈥� says Jim.聽 A nutrient management plan indicates the nutrient requirements of each crop.聽 In the study, manure application rates were the same, year after year, with no accounting for nutrient requirements. The result was excessive nutrient levels in relatively short periods of time.

The study also suggests it is preferable that organic operators apply any of the manure-bedding combinations based on a phosphorus budget rather than on a nitrogen budget. A budget based on meeting crop phosphorus needs with manure may result in an N deficit, but legumes in rotation can make this up. 聽A budget based on providing all the N for crops with manure will inevitably lead to soil phosphorus excesses.聽

Jim also points out that farmers may have other objectives when considering the right manure bedding mix.聽 Several studies have concluded that bedding mixtures that utilize wood chips will keep cattle cleaner.聽 Organic farmers with mixed operations, concerned with issues of health and sanitation, might consider this variable more important than slightly reduced amounts of plant available nitrogen.

Whatever the farmer鈥檚 choice, it is clear that every manure mixture will have its pros and cons.

鈥淭here鈥檚 no such thing as a free lunch since nitrogen and phosphorus can only be redistributed or transformed within the ecosystem and the nutrients cannot be destroyed鈥�, Jim admits.

The good news is that he and his fellow researchers will continue to study the effects of long term manure use on agricultural soils and, more importantly, on the environment.聽 The results will affect both organic farmers and Canadians as a whole.

This article was written by Tanya Brouwers on behalf of the OACC with funding provided by Canada鈥檚 Organic Science Cluster (a part of the Canadian Agri-Science Clusters Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Growing Forward Policy Framework).聽 The Organic Science Cluster is a collaborative effort led jointly by the OACC, the and industry partners. For more information: oacc@dal.ca or 902-893-7256.

Posted January 2011