聽is George Munro Chair in Literature and Rhetoric at聽.
The New Brunswick legislature recently passed a motion to improve indoor air quality in the province鈥檚 public buildings 鈥�.鈥�
There are many ways to improve the air we breathe indoors, including and ventilation: bring fresh air in, send out. And we have for looking at indoor air quality.
From , to industrial , many of us have felt the impacts of poor air quality and turned to air filters and respirators to cope.
The White House held a summit last year on to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. This September, there will be a organized by the World Health Organization.
How new is all this? Well, it is and it isn鈥檛. Eighteenth-century physicians were big advocates for ventilation as a way of reducing the transmission of contagious diseases, though not entirely for sound reasons.
Ventilation and eighteenth-century medicine
I teach about eighteenth-century . In the 1700s, British physicians took advantage of new scientific approaches but had little technology to see what was going on.
They believed that most contagious illnesses spread through smelly decaying matter, or miasma, from rotting food, sick bodies and so on. This is called 鈥�,鈥� and it was eventually replaced by .
Miasma theory meant that physicians associated bad smells with disease. But they also had the evidence of their eyes. Eighteenth-century physicians saw diseases spreading easily in crowded, poorly ventilated structures, from ships and jails to the homes of the poor. Ventilation made sense as a way to make people safer: blow out the bad air. It also seemed to make a difference when they used it.
So . In 1756, the British Navy ordered the installation of . A naval hospital required 鈥�.鈥� In 1802, the British parliament passed legislation requiring factories to have enough 鈥�.鈥�
Outbreaks in the Navy
In his 1797 book on naval medicine, physician and poet Thomas Trotter drew on his extensive experience at sea. He questioned both and .
However, Trotter partly agreed with miasma theory. He was convinced that many contagious diseases, including smallpox, were spread by 鈥�.鈥�
We now know that smallpox was . Trotter was basically right about the pathway for smallpox transmission 鈥� and a few other diseases 鈥� even though he was very wrong about how.
Eighteenth-century physicians had successes with the partial information they had. Trotter explains how they ended an outbreak of a 鈥渕alignant fever鈥� on a navy ship in 1791. They quarantined the sick, fumigated the vessel and 鈥�.鈥�
Ventilation spreads
These ideas spread widely beyond medical circles through literature and kept spreading after germ theory. Writers paid a lot of attention to 鈥渆xhalations.鈥� In his 1744 poem on health, John Armstrong wrote, 鈥�.鈥� Dozens of poets repeated phrases such as 鈥渋nfectious breath,鈥� from to and .
Like eighteenth-century doctors, nineteenth-century writers promoted ventilation and fresh air. In fiction, Jane Austen had her characters 鈥�,鈥� while Lady Morgan complained about 鈥溾�� streets helping to spread disease.
Some famous poets wrote about air so much that American literary critic M.H. Abrams remarked, 鈥�.鈥�
Ventilation comes back
By the 1840s, the public health debate was turning to , as germ theory began to take hold. But advances in germ theory couldn鈥檛 erase the benefits of breathing fresh air from the public consciousness. Around 1850, journalist Henry Mayhew interviewed one Londoner who about the city鈥檚 cheap housing:
鈥淣othing can be worse to the health than these places, without ventilation, cleanliness, or decency, and with forty people鈥檚 breaths perhaps mingling together in one foul choking steam of stench.鈥�
In 1859, Florence Nightingale helped revive ventilation in healthcare. In her book Notes on Nursing, she emphasized, 鈥�.鈥�
Fresh air was seen as critical during the 1918-1920 influenza pandemic as well. People were encouraged to and move events outdoors, .
Now, has got us talking about the importance of fresh air. The difference is this time we have better tools to measure and improve indoor air quality, and a much better understanding of why fresh air is good for us.
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